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There are three broad categories of
investment strategy that we advocate:
-
bargain purchase
-
increase value
-
double-digit cap rate.
Bargain purchase is the
purchase of real estate for at least 20% below current market value.
In the increase-value strategy,
you buy a property for its current market value, but you select only
properties with some unrealized potential. Then, immediately after
purchase, you make whatever changes are necessary to increase the
value of the property. In general, you must increase the value by at
least 20% within six months in order for the strategy to be
worthwhile.
Double-digit cap rate means
that you buy the building on terms that it has a capitalization rate
of 10% or more. The capitalization rate is the net operating income
(rent minus operating expenses but before debt service) divided by
the purchase price. In other words, it is the cash-on-cash rate of
return you would get if you owned the property free and clear. In
the absence of a bargain purchase, double-digit cap rates are very
hard to find. They generally only occur temporarily in depressed
markets or in small market niches.
The most common real estate
investment strategy, however, is one which I condemn: buying
properties which the investor believes will soon increase in value
due to market-wide appreciation. This is, in fact, pure speculation.
No one knows which areas will appreciate. Many billions have been
made by investors pursuing this strategy, but they were simply
lucky.
Another common strategy which is
advocated by most real estate gurus are various forms of finding
unsophisticated sellers and using some convoluted real estate
transaction to take advantage of their lack of sophistication. These
strategies are unethical, immoral, and often illegal. We do not
advocate them.
Holding
periods
There are two broad categories of holding period:
Long-term means you hold the
property for years. Most investors do that. I used to advocate that.
I no longer like long-term holding. It requires clairvoyance, a
skill that humans do not possess.
Flipping means selling the
property as soon as possible after you acquire it. In some cases,
you can even sell it before you buy it or simultaneously with buying
it. Some seminar gurus are big on advocating this, probably only
because it sounds really spectacular to a novice. In fact, selling
before you close or simultaneously, although theoretically possible
and occasionally done, are quite difficult to do and may not be
worth the trouble. When I talk about flipping I generally mean to
sell as soon as possible after acquisition.
Your time
available
Different strategies require different amounts of time or
require that you be available for particular hours of the week.
Anything involving the government, generally requires that
you be available during business hours on week days. If you
have a full-time job or do not want to give up all of your
after-work hours for real estate, you must not choose a
time-consuming investment strategy. If you work at a regular
salaried or hourly job during business hours, you probably cannot
pursue a strategy which requires you to do real estate stuff during
business hours.
Cash
available
Some strategies, like buying foreclosures, require huge amounts of
cash. Others, like buying judgments secured by real estate or buying
at builder auctions, require little or no cash. In general, cash
makes your investment life much easier. Too often, the use of cash
is dismissed as non-macho or some such. That's nonsense. But if you
absolutely have no cash, you must either get some or use strategies
which do not require any. The guru of all real estate gurus, William
Nickerson, wrote the book “How I Turned $1,000 into $5,000,000 in
Real Estate in My Spare Time” and “How to Make a Fortune
Today Starting From Scratch”. In those books, he talks a great
deal about ways to save the money you need for a down
payment. The concept of saving must seem downright quaint to
graduates of today's real estate gurus' seminars and boot camps.
They all preach the "something for nothing down" approach. We prefer
the save-up-the-down-payment approach. The book “The Millionaire
Next Door” says that real millionaires are big savers.
Real estate gurus, most of whom are phony millionaires, either
ignore saving or dismiss it as impossible.
Your
aptitudes
We am not mechanically inclined. On the other hand, many people
mistakenly think that we are lawyer and realtors. Accordingly, it
would not be a good idea for us to specialize in rehabs, but it
might be a good idea for me to specialize in a legally oriented
strategy like foreclosures. Similarly, you should take stock of your
real estate related aptitudes and gravitate toward strategies that
take advantage of your strengths and avoid your weaknesses.
People
skills
Different strategies require different interactions with people. The
amount of the interactions varies, as does the nature of them. If
you hold long-term, you must be a landlord, and an
employer if you buy multi-unit buildings. If you buy
pre-foreclosures, you must negotiate over the kitchen table with
people who are in financial difficulty. On the other hand, if you
buy foreclosures, about the only people you encounter are the
auctioneers and all you have to say to them is the high bid. In
other words, there are places in real estate for the gregarious as
well as for recluses. Just make sure you know which you are and that
you select your strategy accordingly.
Ethics
Much of what the current crop of gurus teach is unethical. In
general, it's difficult to do nothing-down or lease-option deals
ethically. When pursuing bargain purchases, there is a strong
temptation to lie to the seller about the market value of their
property. Bribery is big in the business of increasing values by
getting favorable zoning changes. Transactions between sophisticated
and unsophisticated people create powerful temptations for the
sophisticated to take unconscionable advantage of the
unsophisticated. There are plenty of ways to do real estate
investment ethically. Anyone can resist temptation. But real estate
also has more than its share of ways to misbehave. Let's be careful
out there.

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